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Frustration–aggression hypothesis, otherwise known as the frustration–aggression–displacement theory, is a theory of aggression proposed by John Dollard, Neal E. Miller ''et al.'' in 1939,〔Dollard, Miller et al. (1939). The hypothesis suggests that the failure to obtain a desired or expected goal leads to aggressive behavior.''Frustration and aggression'', Yale University Press, New Haven, ISBN 0-313-22201-0〕 and further developed by Miller, Roger Barker et al. in 1941〔Miller, Barker et al. (1941). ''(Symposium on the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis )'', ''Psychological Review'', No. 48, pp. 337-366〕 and Leonard Berkowitz in 1969.〔Berkowitz, Leonard (1969). ''The frustration-aggression hypothesis revisited'', in: Berokowitz (ed.), ''Roots of aggression'', Atherton Press, New York〕 The theory says that aggression is the result of blocking, or frustrating, a person's efforts to attain a goal.〔Friedman, H., & Schustack, M. (1999). ''Personality classic theories and modern research''. (Fifth ed., pp. 204-207). Pearson.〕 ==Examples== The frustration–aggression hypothesis attempts to explain why people scapegoat.〔Whitley & Kite, 2010〕 It attempts to give an explanation as to the cause of violence.〔http://robertnielsen21.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/cause-of-violence/〕 The theory, developed by John Dollard and colleagues, says that frustration causes aggression, but when the source of the frustration cannot be challenged, the aggression gets displaced onto an innocent target. There are many examples of this. If a man is disrespected and humiliated at his work, but cannot respond to this for fear of losing his job, he may go home and take his anger and frustration out on his family. This theory is also used to explain riots and revolutions. Both are caused by poorer and more deprived sections of society who may express their bottled up frustration and anger through violence.〔 According to Yale Group, frustration is the "condition which exists when a goal-response suffers interference," while aggression is defined as "an act whose goal-response is injury to an organism (or organism surrogate)." However, aggression is not always the response to frustration. Rather a substitute response is displayed when aggressive response is not the strongest on the hierarchy. Furthermore, this theory raises the question if aggression is innate.〔PASTORE, NICHOLAS, A neglected factor in the frustration-aggression hypothesis: A comment. , Journal of Psychology, 29 (1950) p.271〕 However, this theory has some problems. First, there is little empirical support for it, even though researchers have studied it for more than sixty years.〔 Another issue is that this theory suggests frustrated, prejudiced individuals should act more aggressively towards outgroups they are prejudiced against, but studies have shown that they are more aggressive towards everyone.〔 The theory also has limitations, for example it cannot say why some outgroups are chosen to be scapegoats and why others are not. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Frustration–aggression hypothesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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